On the Universality of Linear Recurrences Followed by Nonlinear Projections

In this note (work in progress towards a full-length paper) we show that a family of sequence models based on recurrent linear layers~(including S4, S5, and the LRU) interleaved with position-wise multi-layer perceptrons~(MLPs) can approximate arbitrarily well any sufficiently regular non-linear sequence-to-sequence map. The main idea behind our result is to see recurrent layers as compression algorithms that can faithfully store information about the input sequence into an inner state, before it is processed by the highly expressive MLP.Comment: Accepted at HLD 2023: 1st Workshop on High-dimensional Learning Dynamic

Early Time Charge Replenishment of the Power Delivery Network in Multi-Layer PCBs

The investigation of decoupling issues has been extensively treated in the literature in both the frequency and the time domain [1-9]. The two domains describe from different perspectives the same physical phenomenon, being related by a Fourier transform. In this article, well known decoupling issues usually addressed in the frequency domain [1,2] are discussed in the time domain. Moreover, some modeling issues related to the cavity model approach are discussed and, in particular, the circuit extraction feature associated with this methodology is utilized throughout the article to carry out the time domain simulations within a SPICE based-tool. The depletion of charges stored between the power bus is investigated in the time domain as a function of the plane thickness, SMT decoupling closeness and interconnect inductance values

Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenic Capacity Is Regulated by Elovl6.

Although many transcriptional pathways regulating BAT have been identified, the role of lipid biosynthetic enzymes in thermogenesis has been less investigated. Whereas cold exposure causes changes in the fatty acid composition of BAT, the functional consequences of this remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the enzyme Elongation of Very Long Chain fatty acids 6 (Elovl6) is necessary for the thermogenic action of BAT. Elovl6 is responsible for converting C16 non-essential fatty acids into C18 species. Loss of Elovl6 does not modulate traditional BAT markers; instead, it causes reduced expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain components and lower BAT thermogenic capacity. The reduction in BAT activity appears to be counteracted by increased beiging of scWAT. When beige fat is disabled by thermoneutrality or aging, Elovl6 KO mice gain weight and have increased scWAT mass and impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Overall, our study suggests fatty acid chain length is important for BAT function.We thank the BBSRC, MRC, EU FP7 5 BetaBAT and Wellcome Trust for funding this work.This is the final version of the article. It was first available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.00

Comparison of Via Equivalent Circuit Model Accuracy using Quasi-Static and Full-Wave Approaches

The EMC and signal integrity impact of printed circuit board (PCB) trace discontinuities, such as vias, where the signal is transitioned from one layer to another in the PCB stackup, have become significant recently with the use of very high speed signals in today\u27\u27s systems. If these discontinuities are ignored, significant distortion of the high speed signal can occur, and in many cases, cause data errors. A fast and accurate technique to include the effect of via discontinuities in the typical design process is needed to ensure this distortion is considered if significant. Therefore, a simple equivalent circuit for the via discontinuity is needed so that this equivalent circuit can be easily used in the normal signal integrity analysis tools. This paper demonstrates the effect on the equivalent circuit values as the distance between the signal via and the return-current via is increased. Also, the frequency range where a quasi-static based equivalent circuit is accurate or where a full-wave model is required is shown for the various distances between vias

Reverse Engineering of Computer-Based Navy Systems

The financial pressure to meet the need for change in computer-based systems through evolution rather than through revolution has spawned the discipline of reengineering. One driving factor of reengineering is that it is increasingly becoming the case that enhanced requirements placed on computer-based systems are overstressing the processing resources of the systems. Thus, the distribution of processing load over highly parallel and distributed hardware architectures has become part of the reengineering process for computer-based Navy systems. This paper presents an intermediate representation (IR) for capturing features of computer-based systems to enable reengineering for concurrency. A novel feature of the IR is that it incorporates the mission critical software architecture, a view that enables information to be captured at five levels of granularity: the element/program level, the task level, the module/class/package level, the method/procedure level, and the statement/instruction level. An approach to reverse engineering is presented, in which the IR is captured, and is analyzed to identify potential concurrency. Thus, the paper defines concurrency metrics to guide the reengineering tasks of identifying, enhancing, and assessing concurrency, and for performing partitioning and assignment. Concurrency metrics are defined at several tiers of the mission critical software architecture. In addition to contributing an approach to reverse engineering for computer-based systems, the paper also discusses a reverse engineering analysis toolset that constructs and displays the IR and the concurrency metrics for Ada programs. Additionally, the paper contains a discussion of the context of our reengineering efforts within the United States Navy, by describing two reengineering projects focused on sussystems of the AEGIS Weapon System

Antitumor activity of copper(II) complexes with Schiff bases derived from N′-tosylbenzene-1,2-diamine

The electrochemical oxidation of anodic metal copper in a solution of the ligands N-[(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidine]-N′-tosylbenzene-1,2-diamine [H2L1] and N-[(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidine]-N′-tosylbenzene-1,2-diamine, [H2L2] afforded homoleptic [CuL] compounds or solvate [CuLS] complexes. The addition to the electrochemical cell of coligands (L') such as 2,2′-bipyridine (2-bpy), 4,4′-bipyridine(4-bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) allowed the synthesis, in one step, of heteroleptic [CuLL'] compounds, namely [CuL1(H2O)] (1), [CuL1(2,2′-bpy)]⋅CH3CN (2), [CuL1(phen)]·H2O (3), [Cu2L12(4,4′-bpy)] (4), [CuL2(CH3OH)] (5), [CuL2(2,2′-bpy)] (6), [CuL2(phen)] (7) and [Cu2L22(4,4′-bpy)] (8). The crystal structures of both ligands, H2L1, H2L2, and those of the complexes (2), (4), (5), (6) and (7) have been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. Coordination polyhedron around metal atom is square planar for [CuL2(CH3OH)] (5) and [Cu2L12(4,4′-bpy)] (4) and square pyramid for the other complexes with additional chelating ligands. The cytotoxic activity of this new series of copper(II) complexes against the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line and U87-MG and U373-MG glioblastoma cell lines has been investigated. Most of the test compounds showed higher activity than cisplatin in the three cell lines. Among this series, compound [CuL1(phen)] (3) displayed the highest activity with IC50 equal to 1.77 μM on SH-SY5Y whereas compound [Cu2L12(4.4′-bpy)] (4) resulted the most potent compounds on U87 MG and U373 MG glioblastoma cell lines. Studies on the cytotoxic activity of these derivatives suggest that these compounds induce cell death by a mechanism other than apoptosis.Xunta de GaliciaFinanciado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Validation of Equivalent Circuits Extracted from S-Parameter Data for Eye-pattern Evaluation

S-parameter circuit model extraction is usually characterized by a trade off between accuracy and complexity. Trading one feature for another may or may not affect the goodness of the reconstructed S-parameter data, which are obtained from frequency domain simulations of the models extracted. However, the ultimate test for the validity of these equivalent circuit representations should be left to eye-diagram simulations, which provide useful insights, from an SI point of view, about the degradation of the signal, as it travels through the system. Physics based simplication procedures can be used to tune the models and achieve less complexity, whereas the comparisons of the eye-diagrams may help to quantify the goodness of an these circuits extracted. In fact, the most accurate model is not necessary the best to be used

A pipeline for making 31 P NMR accessible for small- and large-scale lipidomics studies

Abstract: Detailed molecular analysis is of increasing importance in research into the regulation of biochemical pathways, organismal growth and disease. Lipidomics in particular is increasingly sought after as it provides insight into molecular species involved in energy storage, signalling and fundamental cellular structures. This has led to the use of a range of tools and techniques to acquire lipidomics data. 31P NMR for lipidomics offers well-resolved head group/lipid class analysis, structural data that can be used to inform and strengthen interpretation of mass spectrometry data and part of a priori structural determination. In the present study, we codify the use of 31P NMR for lipidomics studies to make the technique more accessible to new users and more useful for a wider range of questions. The technique can be used in isolation (phospholipidomics) or as a part of determining lipid composition (lipidomics). We describe the process from sample extraction to data processing and analysis. This pipeline is important because it allows greater thoroughness in lipidomics studies and increases scope for answering scientific questions about lipid-containing systems

Summaries of plenary, symposia, and oral sessions at the XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12-16 October 2014

The XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, sponsored by the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 12-16 October 2014. A total of 883 participants gathered to discuss the latest findings in the field. The following report was written by student and postdoctoral attendees. Each was assigned one or more sessions as a rapporteur. This manuscript represents topics covered in most, but not all of the oral presentations during the conference, and contains some of the major notable new findings reported

Influence of the aqueous matrix on the degradation of cyanotoxins by CWPO: a study on the Iberian Peninsula freshwaters

The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms worldwide represents a critical health and environmental risk. Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) has emerged as an efficient and environmentally friendly technology for the removal of cyanotoxins in water. Nevertheless, its effectiveness has just been demonstrated in deionized water or simple synthetic aqueous matrices. In this work, the effect of the different components of the aqueous matrix on the CWPO of cyanotoxins was deeply evaluated considering the widespread properties of the Iberian Peninsula freshwaters. The presence of Cl-, HCO3- and SO42- ions reduced the oxidation rate of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) up to 70–80% at the highest concentrations tested (2000, 250 and 500 mg L−1 for Cl-, HCO3- and SO42-, respectively) due to their hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) resulted in a similar outcome (oxidation rate reduction up to 90% at the highest concentration tested, 20 mg L−1), but in this case due to the consumption of hydroxyl radicals in competition with CYN oxidation. The presence of NO3- and H2PO4- did not show any significant effect on CYN oxidation. Similarly, the presence of cyanobacteria (Chrysosporum ovalisporum, 50 µg chlorophyll-a L−1) did not appreciably affect the CYN oxidation rate. These results were consistent with those obtained by evaluating the impact of real aqueous matrices from drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) located in Castilla y León and Extremadura regions (Spain) on CWPO performance. This knowledge is key to the implementation of the technology for the treatment of surface waters affected by toxic cyanobacterial bloomsThis research has been supported by the CYTED Ibero-American Science and Technology Program for Development (CYTED-2019) through the project TALGENTOX (PCI2020–112013) and by Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (MICINN) through the project PID2019–105079RB-I00. D. Ortiz thanks the Spanish Ministry of Universities (MIU) for the FPU predoctoral grant (FPU19/04816). M. Munoz thanks the Spanish MINECO for the Ramon ´ y Cajal postdoctoral contract (RYC-2016–20648). We especially thank Aqualia for providing the water samples from DWTPs employed in this study, which was performed in the framework of Rewaise project (http://rewaise.eu